Critical Study of Apoptosis and programmed cell death The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of Apoptosis and programmed cell death Introduction Critical Study of Apoptosis and programmed cell death IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Apoptosis in the hair follicle is programmed cell death, which occurs at a point during the cell cycle, when a sequence of programmed events causes the cells to be eliminated without the release of waste and harmful substances into the surrounding vicinity. Control of apoptosis is crucial to development of new and recycling of old cells within the body as over stimulation of apoptosis can be fatal, causing extreme tissue damage- examples of which are cancer sufferers. In this review we will discuss evidence from scientific experiments which investigate regulators of apoptosis and what really controls apoptosis in the hair follicle. Apoptosis within the hair follicle cycle is controlled by many molecular processes and elements, of which include cytokines, tumor necrosis factor receptors, bcl-2 family gene products and ICE proteases (Soma et al., 1998). Apoptosis occurs during the catagen stage of follicle cycling which can also be known as the regression stage, and begins with initiation of receptors to their binding sites. This is specifically the binding of receptors that are rich in extracellular cysteine usually needed for binding, and intracellular compartments specific for signalling (Botchkareva et al., 2006). These receptors- also known as death receptors initiate the beginning of apoptosis, signalling via the mitochondrial membrane and setting in motion adapter molecules complementary to their apoptotic receptors (APO1/Fas receptor or tumor necrosis factor receptor- TNFR). Others include tyrosine kinase receptors- such as nerve growth factor (NGF), and p75 receptor- ‘p75NTR signalling is criticall y important for apoptosis in the regressing ORS and, therefore, for its shortening during catagen’ ( Botchkarev et al.,2000). These signals are conveyed into the cell via a cascade of enzymes known as caspases, which subsequently lead to the next stages of apoptosis. Investigations into apoptosis show that ‘physiological and pathological catagen is noticeably characterised by an up-regulation of ICE expression and an apparent inversion of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in all epithelial follicle regions that undergo involution during catagen.’(Linder et al., 1997) This refers to intracellular and extracellular molecules located around the hair follicle, which show some control of the progression of cell death, when subjected to variation. The investigation proved that apoptosis within follicular keratinocytes in a normal state or diseased state occurred after a significant reduction in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which in turn caused activation of ICE proteases and eventually activation of endonucleases (Linder et al., 1997). This indicates that Bcl-2 and Bax ratios to an extent control apoptosis when down regulated, and then cause a domino effect to upregulate ICE proteases known as the caspase family, to eventually cause DNA to be cleaved into small er fragments, cell shrinkage and rounding, breakdown of the cytoskeleton and membrane blebbing. Caspases are the final inducer of apoptosis from physiological or pathological stimulation, and therefore play a major role in control of apoptosis, by remaining as an inactive form when apoptosis is not required, but becoming activated by the down regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax family of receptors, when apoptosis is required to take place. Caspases are mediators of apoptosis, and are defined and separated into two groups. The first group are the ‘instigators’ and begin the cascade, the second group are the ‘terminators’ which are activated by the instigators and cause the activation of other enzymes within the cell.   The caspase family consists of caspase-8, caspase-10 and caspase-3, which act to activate the intrinsic pathway, and to link the extrinsic to the intrinsic pathway by releasing cytochrome c, a process which is primarily controlled by a family of proteins known as the Bcl-2 proteins.   These are expressed in the epithelium, surrounding mesench yme, and follicular papilla of the adult hair follicle throughout the cycle (Stenn et al., 1994). The release of cytochrome c ultimately forms a holoenzyme known as the apotosome, which is formed by the apoptosis initiator enzyme procaspase-9, and its adaptor molecule Apaf-1(Botchkareva et al., 2006). These apoptosomes then cleave and activate the procaspase into caspase-9, which subsequently turns on effector caspase-3. Caspase-3 is a major proteolytic enzyme, with the ability to defragment a wide range of molecules and substrates within the cell. The activation of caspase-3 then leads to the cell fragmentation and phagocytosis stages of hair follicle apoptosis. References nature.com/jid/journal/v126/n2/full/5700007a.html ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858357/pdf/amjpathol00024-0099.pdf http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/146/3/1214 fasebj.org/content/14/13/1931.long fasebj.org/content/15/9/1592.full.pdf applepoly.com/studies/Analysis_of_Apoptotic_Cell_Death_in_Human_Hair_Follicles.pdf

All About Americas Gilded Age

All About Americas Gilded Age The Gilded Age. The name, popularized by American author Mark Twain, conjures images of gold and jewels, lavish palaces, and wealth beyond imagination. And indeed, during the period we know as the Gilded Age - the late 1800s to the 1920s - American business leaders amassed huge fortunes, creating a suddenly-rich baron class with a fondness for ostentatious displays of newfound wealth. Millionaires built palatial and often gaudy homes in New York City and summer cottages on Long Island and in Newport, Rhode Island. Before long, even refined families like the Astors, who had been wealthy for generations, joined in the whirlwind of architectural excesses. In large cities and then in upscale resort communities, noted established architects like Stanford White and Richard Morris Hunt were designing enormous homes and elegant hotels that mimicked the castles and palaces of Europe. Renaissance, Romanesque, and Rococo styles merged with the opulent European style known as Beaux Arts. The Gilded Age of architecture usually refers to the opulent mansions of the super-wealthy in the United States. The well-to-do built elaborate second homes in the suburbs or in rural settings while at the same time many more people were living in urban tenements and the decaying farmlands of America. Twain was being ironic and satiric in naming this period of American history. Americas Gilded Age The Gilded Age is a time period, an era in history with no specific beginning or end. Families had accumulated wealth from generation to generation - profits from the Industrial Revolution, the building of the railroads, urbanization, the rise of Wall Street and the banking industry, financial gains from the Civil War and Reconstruction, the manufacturing of steel, and the discovery of American crude oil. The names of these families, such as  John Jacob Astor, live on even today. By the time the book The Gilded Age, A Tale of Today was published in 1873, authors Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner could easily describe what  was behind the ostentation of wealth in post-Civil War America. There is no country in the world, sir, that pursues corruption as inveterately as we do, says one character in the book. Now here you are with your railroad complete, and showing its continuation to Hallelujah and thence to Corruptionville. For some observers, the Gilded Age was a time of immorality, dishonesty, and graft. Money is said to have been made off the backs of an expanding immigrant population who found ready employment with men of industry. Men such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie are often considered robber barons. Politcal corruption was so pervasive that Twains 19th century book continues to be used as a reference for the 21st century U.S. Senate. In European history this same time period is called the Belle Époque or the Beautiful Age. Architects, too, jumped on the bandwagon of what is often called conspicuous consumption.  Richard Morris Hunt (1827-1895) and Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-1886) were professionally trained in Europe, leading the way to making architecture a valued American profession. Architects the like of Charles Follen McKim (1847-1909) and Stanford White (1853-1906) learned opulence and elegance by working under the leadership of Richardson. Philadelphian Frank Furness (1839-1912) studied under Hunt. The sinking of the Titanic in 1912 put a damper on the boundless optimism and excessive spending of the era. Historians often mark the end of the Gilded Age with the stock market crash of 1929. The grand homes of the Gilded Age now stand as monuments to this time in American history. Many of them are open for tours, and a few have been converted to luxury inns. The 21st Century Gilded Age The great divide between the wealthy few and the poverty of many is not relegated to the end of the 19th century. In reviewing Thomas Pikettys book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, economist Paul Krugman reminds us that It has become a commonplace to say that we are living in a second Gilded Age - or, as Piketty likes to put it, a second Belle Époque - defined by the incredible rise of the one percent. So, where is the equivalent architecture? The Dakota was the first luxury apartment building in New York City during the first Gilded Age. Todays luxury apartments are being designed all over New York City by the likes of Christian de Portzamparc, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Jean Nouvel, Herzog de Meuron, Annabelle Selldorf, Richard Meier, and Rafael Vià ±oly - they are todays Gilded Age architects. Gilding the Lilly Gilded Age architecture is not so much a type or style of architecture as it describes an extravagance that is not representative of the American population. It falsely characterizes the architecture of the time. To gild is to cover something with a thin layer of gold - to make something appear more worthy than it is or to attempt to improve that which needs no improvement, to overdo, like gilding a lilly. Three centuries earlier than the Gilded Age, even British playwright William Shakespeare used the metaphor in several of his dramas: To gild refined gold, to paint the lily,To throw a perfume on the violet,To smooth the ice, or add another hueUnto the rainbow, or with taper-lightTo seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish,Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.- King John, Act 4, Scene 2 All that glitters is not gold;Often have you heard that told:Many a man his life hath soldBut my outside to behold:Gilded tombs do worms enfold.- The Merchant of Venice, Act 2, Scene 7 Architecture of the Gilded Age: Visual Elements Many of the Gilded Age mansions have been taken over by historic societies or transformed by the hospitality industry. The Breakers Mansion is the largest and most elaborate of Newports Gilded Age cottages. It was commissioned by Cornelius Vanderbilt II, designed by architect Richard Morris Hunt, and built oceanside between 1892 and 1895. Across the waters from the Breakers you can live like a millionaire at  Oheka Castle on Long Island in New York State. Built in 1919, the Chà ¢teauesque summer home was built by financier Otto Hermann Kahn. Biltmore Estate and Inn is another Gilded Age mansion that is both a tourist attraction and a place to rest your head in elegance. Constructed for George Washington Vanderbilt at the end of 19th century, Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina took hundreds of workers five years to complete. Architect Richard Morris Hunt modeled the house after a French Renaissance chateau. Vanderbilt Marble House: Railroad baron William K. Vanderbilt spared no expense when he built a house for his wifes birthday. Designed by Richard Morris Hunt, Vanderbilts grand Marble House,  built between 1888 and 1892, cost $11 million, $7 million of which paid for 500,000 cubic feet of white marble. Much of the interior is gilt with gold. The Vanderbilt Mansion on the Hudson River was designed for Frederick and Louise Vanderbilt. Designed by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead White, the  Neoclassical Beaux-Arts Gilded Age architecture is uniquely set in Hyde Park, New York. Rosecliff Mansion was built for Nevada silver heiress Theresa Fair Oelrichs - not a household American name like the Vanderbilts. Nevertheless, Stanford White of McKim, Mead White designed and constructed the Newport, Rhode Island cottage between 1898 and 1902. Sources Why We’re in a New Gilded Age by Paul Krugman, The New York Review of Books, May 8, 2014 [accessed Jun 19, 2016]Getty Images include Rosecliff Mansion by Mark Sullivan; Biltmore Estate by George Rose; Gold Room of Marble House by Nathan Benn/Corbis; and Vanderbilt Mansion on the Hudson by Ted Spiegel/Corbis

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Total Quality Management - Essay Example TQM has been designed for companies that are operating in various disciplines and for this reason, each company has different uses and implementation technique of TQM. However, there are organizations that fail to implement TQM at an operational level. Some of the reasons for the failure are as follows:Â   Rigid Organizational CultureOne of the key reasons for failure of TQM is that the implementation of this process requires patience and agility and it requires flexibility in organizational culture. Organizations are required to change their paradigm from a functional to customer focus approach. Organizations that are unable to cope up with this approach can face detrimental consequences because implementation of TQM is not easy and it requires mobility to changing customer needs and business trends. Not every organization can cope up to such changes and this is certainly one of the reasons of failed implementation of TQM.Resistance to ChangeIf a company wants to implement TQM, it should first communicate to its employees the importance of TQM. Every single employee, from the lowest to the highest hierarchical level, should be accepting and willing to adopt this organizational change (Donaldson & Munir, 2013). However, such changes are not successful at times because some employees do not want to come out of their comfort zone and resist to any sort of change. Employees fail to understand the importance of this activity and do not understand that this will improve the productivity and profitability of the company.

Technical writting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Technical writting - Assignment Example He could position the data and information according to things to carry out in the diverse geographic or districts locations of the town. Spatial pattern makes logic intended for the author to standardize the information through physical location for the reason that the information is simple to understand as well as utilize in this format, mainly for tourists who are not well-known with the region (Friedlander, 2004). A Chronological principle of organization is order of importance or climactic order. In Chronological pattern, items are set as of least important to most important. Usual conversions would comprise most difficult, more important, by far the most expensive, still harder, worse up till now, even more damaging, and so on. This is an elastic standard of organization, as well as can guide the organization of the entire or part of case, cause & effect, comparison & contrast, plus description (Friedlander, 2004). For instance, a writers stated principle is to explain the past development or development of the city of Seattle. Supposing that Seattle is having 100 years old history, the writer could systematize the data and information through combining it into 4 chunks of 25-year each. In this state of affairs, the sub-points within all major part of time represent the mainly important events that happened throughout that particular time frame (University of Washington, 2009). Usability testing is proven to trim down expenditure, augment user satisfaction, also save on improvement as well as redesign work (Blastam, 2009). Usability testing assesses behavior, not preference.   Clients are notoriously bad at presenting what kind of software they want; on the other hand through observing and determining behavior, we are able to know about most excellent supports, their motivations, and objectives (Ostrander, 2000). Usability testing offers a great competitive

Fascism Essay -- essays research papers

What is Fascism? Fascism is a 20th century form of nationalistic, militaristic, totalitarian dictatorship that seeks to create a feasible society through strict regimentation of national and individual lives. Total subordination to the service of the state and unquestioning loyalty to its leader would adjust conflicting interests. It is a modern political ideology that looks to regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country by basing it on a heightened sense of national belonging of ethnic identity. Fascism rejects liberal ideas of freedom and individual rights, it often presses for the destruction of elections, legislatures and other elements of democracy. Despite fascism’s idealistic goals, attempts to build fascist societies have led to wars and persecutions that have caused millions of deaths (notably WWII and the Holocaust). As a result, fascism is strongly associated with right-wing fanaticism, racism, totalitarianism and violence. Fascist movements oppose such doctrines as liberalism, individualism, materialism, communism and conservatism. In general, fascists stand against all scientific, economic, religious, academic, cultural and leisure activities that do not serve their vision of a national political life. Fascism emphasised nationalism, but its appeal was international. Fascist political parties and movements capitalised on the intense patriotism that emerged as a response to widespread social and political uncertainty after World War I (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution of 1917. It flourished between the so called fascist era of 1919 and 1945 in many countries mainly Italy, Germany, Spain and Japan. Even such liberal democracies as France and England had important fascist movements. Scholars disagree over how to define the basic elements of fascism, some even insist it was limited to Italy under Mussolini. When the term is capitalised as Fascism, it refers to the Italian movement. Beginning in the 1970’s, some scholars began to develop a broad definition of fascism and by the 1990’s many had embraced the new approach. This new approach emphasises the way in which fascist movements attempt revolutionary change and their central focus on popularising myths of ethnic or national renewal. Seen from this prospective, all forms of fascism have three common features: anticonservatism, a myth of national or ethnic renewal and ... ...vation less acutely than others.† All political parties except the fascists, were banned and trade unions were almost made illegal. Instead workers and employers were made to join â€Å"Corporations†, which were meant to sort out the differences between them. Newspapers and books were censored and all education was controlled. 1922 was renamed Year One and all school books were rewritten. Boys were expected to become good soldiers and all students were encouraged to join organisations which taught them how to be better fascists. Mussolini began a series of schemes to improve the Italian economy, he called these the â€Å"Battles.† He tried to make Italy self sufficient in food, farmers were encouraged to grow more wheat ( the Battle for Grain). Families were encouraged to have more children, the Battle for Births and land for agriculture was reclaimed, the Battle for Land. Women were discouraged from working horse riding and wearing trousers Instead they were encouraged to stay at home and have as many children as possible. In 1940 Mussolini reviewed a parade of 180 married couples who had produced 1544, the mothers were given gold medals for their service to the nation.

One Day on the River Essay

Elijah has grander and more dangerous dreams. Having been largely acculturated by a residential school upbringing before escaping into the forest to live with Xavier and Niska, he has acquired the dubious skills of public relations and boastfulness as much as the crafts of the hunter. His English, learned from the nuns, is impeccable, and he makes his mark among the men in the trenches as much by the flash of his storytelling as by his murderous midnight prowls in no man’s land. Gradually Elijah becomes imprisoned by two great obsessions: a need for morphine, whose use is rampant up and down the lines, and an insatiable hunger for killing. Some French soldiers suggest that if he really wants to gain respect for all his kills, he should scalp his victims as evidence. He decides to do so, much to Xavier’s disgust. In counterpoint to the exploits of Xavier and Elijah, Boyden interweaves the story of Niska, told as she paddles her wounded nephew back home after the war is over. Niska is part of the sad but admirable remnant of traditional natives who refused to enter the reserves in the 19th century, choosing instead to live by their wits and traditional teachings in the woods. Subject to what modern medicine would call epileptic seizures, Niska is deemed by her tribe to have inherited her father’s skills as a shaman and a windigo-killer. Since windigos manifest themselves in humans who have practiced cannibalism, getting rid of them involves what white society would call murder, and indeed Niska’s father was executed as a murderer by the white courts. The constant crossing of the moral lines between the worldviews of native and white society is one of the many strengths of this fascinating novel. At one point, hunkered down in his sniper’s nest, Xavier indulges himself (and the reader) in a contemplation on the number three, which he sees as an obsession of his white commanders. There’s the front line, the support line, and the reserve line, for starters. There’s the infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery. Off the battlefield, there’s food, then rest, then women. In church, there’s the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Not to mention the superstition about lighting three cigarettes with one match, a prime metaphor for courting danger in the Great War. But then Xavier suddenly remembers Niska’s traditional teaching, that those who are dying must walk the three-day road to death, and he wonders â€Å"if we share something, some magic. Maybe it will help me get through all this.† The real war hero, Peggy, makes a brief cameo appearance in the novel, which may not have been a wise choice on the author’s part. The characters of Xavier and Niska and, to a slightly lesser extent, Elijah are full to the brim with life – they’re quite satisfying and believable as they are, and need no further stamp of authentication.

Characterization of Gelatin A biopolymer for Drug Delivery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1451 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Characterization Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Drug Delivery has become an interesting in the present day bringing together Material Science Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Bio-medical Engineering and Pharm-ology together. This method helps to provide an effective way to use a compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans and animals. The technique involves modification of drug release profiles, absorption, distribution and elimination for the benefit of improving product efficacy, safety, as well as patient compliance and convenience. Gelatin is a naturally occurring macromolecular and bio degradable protein that is obtained from skins, tissues and bones of animals. It has high water solubility, non toxicity, high mechanical strength and elasticity in dry state making it a perfect material for drug delivery. There are two kinds of Gelatin. Type A, with isoionic value of 7 to 9, is inferred utilizing solely corrosive pretreatment. Type B, with isoionic value of 4 to 5, is the aftereffect of an antacid pretreatment.[2] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Characterization of Gelatin A biopolymer for Drug Delivery" essay for you Create order The usual sources of Gelatin are bovine and pig skins and demineralized bones and hooves. This is a cause for problem for people tend to not consume gelatin based medicines due to religious reasons, mad cow disease and social reasons. To solve this, another source of gelatin was experimented for, extraction of Type B gelatin from fresh water fish L. rohita. In this project we look at its extraction, manufacturing of gelatin and the characteristic properties of the type B gelatin obtained.[1] PROCESSING Since there are two sorts of Gelatin, there are two fundamental assembling procedures of Gelatin: Alkaline and corrosive process. The subsequent items can be altogether different as far as piece and physical properties.[4] Acid handled collagen is absorbed weaken corrosive nature of the acid and after that extricated at about pH 4 for gelatin producing. Non-collagenous proteins and mucoproteins of the tissue are isoelectric at this pH and are consequently not so much solvent but rather more promptly coagulated under the extraction conditions. Contaminants which are expelled along these lines rely upon the quality and birthplace of the raw material and the reproducibility of the producers process.[4] When managing the basic procedure, the pretreatment of the collagen requires a drawn out absorbing the soluble arrangements (by and large, immersed lime-water). A decent measure of the pollutions (proteins and mucosubstances) are dissolvable at the oppressed pH and are separated. Gelatins from soluble base process will in general be cleaner than corrosive created gelatin, yet this variety might be because of the assembling process.[4] Moreover to the challenges referenced beforehand, the produce of gelatin is liable to more confusions. For instance the aggregate number of carboxyl gatherings accessible for ionization relies on the extraction technique. Distinctive gelatins can have diverse proportions of acidic and essential gathering in this manner distinctive isoelectric focuses. Charged gatherings impact the cooperations between nearby gelatin atoms, between every particle and the dissolvable and between various parts of a similar atom, as the protein chains are adaptable. The degree of these factors change with pH, and are likewise subject to the aggregate ionic sythesis of the framework in this way an itemized depiction of the dissolvable and additionally that of the gelatin is a necessity.[4] CHARACTERIZATION Sample Preparation Fish scales of L.Rohita having weight of 100-200g were collected at Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India. The scales were removed using hands, kept in air tight bags and on ice for preservation. Gelatin was extracted using the alkali method. Dried scales were stirred in a solution of 5% NaCl at 30 min room temperature. This step was repeated twice and then the scales were stirred with 4% NaOH to remove the non-collagenous proteins from the scales. To remove lipids from the scales, iso-butyl alcohol was used. This step was repeated three times in a digital linear shaker. The final step was dimineralisation which was done using 0.5N EDTA at a pH of 7.66 for four different time periods of 12h, 2h, 2h and 1h. The scales were then dried on plastic trays and grinded to obtain the gelatin in powder form.[1] Gelatin Yield [1]The gelatin yield is given by the following equation Yield of Gelatin=(Weight of dried Gelatin)/(Dry weight of Fish Scale)?—100 Determination of Gelatin pH To determine the pH of Gelatin, prepare a 1% gelatin solution in distilled water and cool to 25? °C in a water bath. The pH is then measured. UV-vis Spectroscopy Analysis Ultraviolet and Visible absorption spectroscopy is the measurement of the attenuation of a beam of light after it passes through a sample or after reflection from a sample surface. Absorption measurements can be at a single wavelength or over an extended spectral range. UV spectroscopy is used for: Detection of functional groups Detection of Impurities Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis Single compound without chromophore Drugs with chromophoric reagent Ultraviolet absorbption spectra arise from transition of electron within a molecule from a lower level to a higher level. A molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation of frequency(V), the electron in that molecule undergoes transition from lower to higher energy level. The energy can be calculated by E_1-E_0=hV The UV-vis absorption spectrum was recorded using a UV vis double beam spectrophotometer in the range of 200-400nm. Fourier transform infrared(FITR) spectroscopy analysis FTIR is a technique based on vibrational spectroscopy. AN infrared spectrum is obtained using fourier transforms. Fourier Transfroms help to represent a range of Sinusodial waves as a single summition function. Presently FITR has replaced the dispersive method as it has a higher signal to noise ratio.[3] The IR enters the interoferometer. It has a beam splitter and 2 mirrors. The beam splitter splits the radiation, One beam strikes a moving mirror and one beam strikes a fixed mirror. The two beams then combine and intract with the sample and then go to the detector. The difference in wave length is plotted and then used to determine a fourier transform.[3] 100 mg of KBr and 2mg of Gelatin was mixed and placed in FITR equipment. FITR was performed at room temperature and measurements were taken. X-Ray diffraction To determine the Crystal structure, X ray diffraction was used. The operating voltage was 45kV and the operating current was at 40mA. The radiation used was Cu K? ±.[1] Scanning Electron Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to determine the surface morphology of Gelatin. Gelatin was coated with gold in a vaccum sputter and a photograph was taken.[1] RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Yield of Gelatin The gelatin extracted was yellow and the weight percentage was 24% which is higher than the yield of red tilapia(7.81%) and black tilapia(5.39%)(found in previous studies)[1] Characterization results The UV-vis spectroscopy showed absorption at 224nm, indicating a presence of strong peptide bonds. Absorption at 210-240nm shows the presence of peptide chromophore. Since the operational range was 200-400nm, the results can be considered valid. Refer figure 2.[1] Figure2. UV-vis absorption spectrum of fish scale gelatin FITR measurement made it possible to identify the amino groups present. Also it helped to identify the bonds responsible for the structural and functional stabilization. Amino acids are made of amide bonds which can be identified by the specific amide band that is absorbed at the FITR measurement. [1] Peaks(cm-1) Possible functional bands 3433 Hydrogen bond 1630 Amide-I 1565 Amide-II 1240 Amide-III 1460 Symmetric Bending 1380 Asymmetric Bending Table 1- FITR results of Gelatin Figure 3. FTIR spectrum of gelatin Porosity is determined by Scanning electron microscopy analysis. Porosity characterization is the determination of open pores which determine properties like permeability and the surface area of the porous structure.The microstructure obtained shows that the polymer has an array of hollow cells. Higher density shows greater mechanical strength and the higher porosity shows a better biological environment. The SEM micrograph shows a decent balance between the two.[1] Refer Figure 4. Figure 4. SEM micrograph of gelatin extracted from fish scale The XRD diffractogram shows a sharp peak with low intensity at 2=7? ° and a broad peak at 2=19? °. This is usually assigned to the triple helical crystalline structure of gelatin.[1] Conclusion The study shows that L Rohita is a good source of raw material for Gelatin production. It can be determined that gelatin has the necessary porosity for drug delivery and has a triple helical crystalline structure. The FITR shows it chemical bonds. Thus Fish based Gelatin is an effective source of gelatin for drug delivery. References Merina Paul Das, Suguna PR, Karpuram Prasad, Vijaylakshmi JV, Renuka M. Extraction and characterization of gelatin: a functional biopolymer. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017;9(9):239-242. Gavasane AJ, Pawar HA (2014) Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers Used in Controlled Drug Delivery System: An Overview. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 3:121.doi:10.4172/2167-065X.1000121 Materials Characterization: Introduction to Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods by Yang Leng, Second Edition (ISBN No. 978-3-527-33463-6) John Wiley Sons (2013) Felix, Pascal Georges, Characterization and correlation analysis of pharmaceutical gelatin (2003). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1365